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网校为了方便广大学员更好的备考职称英语考试，整理了2008年职称英语真题之卫生类A级阅读理解，希望这份2008年职称英语真题之卫生类A级阅读理解，能帮助学员有效复习。
2008年职称英语真题之卫生类A级阅读理解
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Centers of the Great European Cities
The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition．People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night．A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting，metropolitan atmosphere．
Squares，plazas(广场)and arcades(拱廊)form the heart of Europe’S cities．
Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco—a beautiful square surrounded by shops，churches，restaurants and ca怆s．1n Barcelona，Spain，La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods．London’s Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians，acrobats(杂技演员)and artists by night．The government buildings at the center of many cities Often are architecturally impressive．In London，they serve as a beautiful backdrop(背景)to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames．
These vibrant(有活力的)hearts are the product of centuries of evolution，social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently.“The reason people think Venice is SO great today is you don’t see all the mistakes，”said Garreau．“Those have all been removed．”Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car，SO bars，restaurants and caf6s were near to people’s homes．To day, the focus of many Europeans’life has moved away from the centers．They live in the suburbs and outskirts，driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention，there are still those who hold onto traditional ways，living and shopping locally．These people，together with tourists，provide the city centers with their reason for existence．
Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing．This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists，This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos(浓咖啡)and cigarettes．
Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere．People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis．Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets．caf6S and bars In the surrounding streets．An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo．The huge marble cathedral in Florence，Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops，and caters not only to the tourist crowds，but also the local community．
31. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe
A. has many large squares．
B. has many very magnificent sky—scrapers.
C. draws tourists in large numbers every year．
D. has a center where tourists meet their spouses.
32 Which statement is NOT true of Covent Garden?
A. It is crowded with people．
B. It is located in London．
C. It is filled with stalls．
D. It is surrounded by shops，churches，restaurants and caf6s．
33. Why do people think that Venice is SO great?
A. Because it is a famous tourist attraction．
B. Because you can reach anywhere by boat.
C. Because it is well—known for its merchants．
D. Because all the mistakes have been removed
34. what are Parisians famous for ?
A .Their pursuit of independence。
B. Their enthusiasm for conversation：
C. Their ability to keep the city flourishing．
D .Their devotion to developing a multiple culture
35 The writer cites the Duomo in the last paragraph as an example to illustrate that
A. there is a tight link between church and society．
B. all churches are magnificent．
C. old churches are very popular.
D. high—rise churches are impressive．
第二篇Mental Retardation(智力迟钝)
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age。People with mental retardation are usually born with it。or it develops early in their life．They may also have some difficulty with daily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for them selves．
Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities．
Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand．Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests．The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical(数字的)measure of a person’s intelligence．This is called an intelligence quotient(智商)Or IQ．
An average score on an IQ test is about 90 to 110．A person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test．
The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded．A person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as geeing dressed，eating，washing，or learning basic reading，writing，and arithmetic skills．
Mental retardation is not a disease itself．1t cannot be cured and it’s not contagious(传染的)．This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally．Many times we don’t know why a person has mental retardation．
Sometimes it may be caused by genes．Genes are chemical units found in every cell They carry the instructions telling , cells what to do．Sometimes。children receive abnormal genes from their parents．
A defective gene may also develop spontaneously．Neither parent would have passed on the gene，but the gene changes before the baby develops．
Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born．It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence．“Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime．A healthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy，”says Jodi Rucquoi，a genetic counselor from Connecticut．If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn’t eat well，there is a risk to the developing baby．Also，a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby’s developing brain．while premature babies are generally fine，there is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation．
1n some cases．a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness．or after suffering a bad head injury．
36. A child can be taken as mentally retarded．f he or she
A. was born prematurely．
B. has lower than normal intelligence．
C. has low intelligence and low daily living skills•
D. has normal intelligence but difficulties in learning
37.A person of high intelligence will probably score
A. above 110 on an IQ test． B. 110 on an IQ test.
C. 90 on an IQ test． D. below 75 on an IQ test.
38. Which Of the following is NOT true of mental retardation?
A. It is not curable．
B. Its victims are usually born with it．
C. Its causes are not fully identified yet．
D. It can spread among family members
39. Which is NOT a possible cause of mental retardation?
A. Alcohol or drug abuse． B. Abnormal genes from the parents，
C. A well-•planned pregnancy． D. Problems during childbirth．
40 .The word “While” in Line 4 from the bottom can best be replaced by
A .Unless B. Because C. Since D. Although．
第三篇 Many Older Doctors Plan to Phase out Their Practice
The results Of a new survey indicate that 48 percent of physicians between 50 and 65 years Of age are planning to reduce or end their clinical practice in the next。l to 3 years．The findings also suggest that many older physicians believe that their younger counterparts do not have the work ethic they do．
The survey，which was conducted by Merritt Hawkins＆Associates，a Texas-based physician search and consulting firm，suggests that many older physicians are simply unhappy with the changes that have taken place in medicine over the Years•
“When Baby Boom doctors entered medicine they had control over how they practiced and the fee they charged．But the rules changed on them in mid’stream and now many are looking for a ticket out，”Mark Smith，executive vice president of Merritt Hawkins＆Associates，said in a statement．
“Our study is the only one I am aware of that examines the career plans of
physicians in the 50-To-65 age group．”This age group represents more than One-third of all physicians in the U．S．If they stop working in the coming years，It will have a “significant impact”on the overall supply of physicians，Smith told Reuters Health_.
The results of the survey，which included 1,170 respondents(调查对象)，show that 24 percent Of older physicians are planning to leave clinical practice all together In the next 1 to 3 years．Specifically，1 4 percent said they were planning on retiring，7 percent said they were looking for a medical job a non—patient care setting，and 3 Percent said they were seeking a job in a non—medical field．
．
For those physicians not leaving clinical practice，many said they would make changes to reduce the number of patients they treat．For instance，12 percent said they would begin working part—time，8 percent said they planned to stop taking new patients Or markedly reduce their patient load，and 4 percent expressed a desire to work on a temporary basis.
When asked about the work ethic of physicians entering practice today，68 percent of the respondents said that these younger doctors are not as dedicated Or as hard working as physicians who entered practice 20 t0 30 years ago．
Fifty-seven percent of older physicians said they would not recommend medicine as a career to their own children．Similarly，44 percent said they would not select medicine as a career if they were starting out today．
“The most ominous(不祥的)finding is that about one half of physicians surveyed plant to either abandon patient care in the next 1 to 3 years，or significantly reduce the number Of patients they see，”Smith said．“The U．S。already is facing a widespread shortage Of physicians，Should older，‘workhorse’physicians choose to opt out Of patient care. access to medical services will be further restricted．”
41. Which is NOT true of physicians in the 50一to一65 age group in the U．S．?
A. They are mostly baby boomers．
B. They have nothing to complain about．
C. Many of them plan to gradually stop their practice．
D. They account for over one4hi~of all physicians in the country．
42. The survey was focused on
A. the living conditions of older physicians in the U．S．
B. the career plans of older physicians in the U．S．
C. the retirement plans of older physicians in the U．S.
D. the achievements of older physicians in the U，S.
43. Many older physicians in the U．S．view the work ethic of their younger counterparts
A. with appreciation B. with disapproval．
C. with jealous~ D. with indifference．
44. In the eyes of many older physicians，medicine
A. comes first in their choice of a career for their children
B. remains their lifelong pursuit.
C. is not as good a career as it used to be．
D. is more demanding than it used to be．
45 lf many older physicians stop working in the coming years，Americans will have
A. even less access to medical services．
B. even better patient care．
C. a shortage of younger physicians．
D. more job opportunities．
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