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环球网校2012年职称英语考试押中45分原题，么建华教授独家解析2012年职称英语考试
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering began when the DNA molecule(分子), the most basic unit of life, was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction. Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970. In one of the first experiments, patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme, but their bodies would not accept it. In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology. Another failure.
Genetic engineering got a legal boost(激励) in 1980. The U.S. Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered "oil-eating" bacterium(细菌). This bacterium would help clean up oil spills. The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms, and three important medical products were quickly developed.
l Human interferon(干扰素)-- a possible solution to some cancers and viral disease. A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.
l Human growth hormone-- for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone(荷尔蒙) was previously produced from human cadavers, but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E. coli, and affordable growth hormone could be produced.
l Human insulin(胰岛素)-- for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef- or pork-based product until 1982. Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.
Advances in genetic engineering have continued, though they constantly must be weighted against the safety of procedures. There is clearly much more to discover.
31. This passage is mainly about
A. the effects of altering cells.
B. the human growth hormone.
C. insulin resistance.
D. U.S. Supreme Court rulings.
【参考答案】：A
32. Genetic enginerring may be defined as
A. the altering of normal cell reproduction
B. a branch of applied chemistry.
C. a procedure that holds little promise.
D. a study on life-saving enzymes.
【参考答案】：A
33. According to the passage, human interferon
A. is a hormone that causes disease.
B. could be used to treat cancer.
C. is a viral disease
D. has been cured
【参考答案】：B
34. In this passage, the three genetically engineered medical products are presented
A. as a process.
B. in a simple list.
C. from earliest to latest.
D.as a story.
【参考答案】：B
35. In the last paragraph, the word "weighed" has the cloest meaning with
A. had great influence
B. became a burden.
C. considered carefully.
D. measured accurately.
【参考答案】：C
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2012年职称英语考试已经结束，环球网校整理发布2012年职称英语考试卫生类C级(试卷代码33)试题及答案，敬请关注!
环球网校2012年职称英语考试押中45分原题，么建华教授独家解析2012年职称英语考试
Puerto Rican Cuisine(菜肴)
Puerto Rico, a Caribbean (加勒比海区) island rich in history and remarkable natural beauty, has a cuisine all its own. Immigration(移民) to the island has helped to shape its cuisine, with people from all over the world making various contributions to it. However, before the arrival of these immigrants, the Taino people lived on the island of Puerto Rico. Taino cuisine included such foods as rodents (啮齿动物), fresh shellfish and fish fried in corn oil.
Many aspects of Taino cuisine continue today in Puerto Rican cooking, but it has been heavily influenced by the Spanish, who invaded Puerto Rico in 1508, and Africans, who were initially brought to Puerto Rico to work as slaves. Taino cooking styles were mixed with ideas brought by the Spanish and Africans to create new dishes. The Spanish extended food choices by bringing cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep to the island. Africans also added to the island's food culture by introducing powerful, contrasting tastes in dishes. In fact, much of the food Puerto Rico is now famous for - coffee, coconuts, and oranges - was actually imported by foreigners to the island.
A common assumption many people make about Puerto Rican food is that it is very spicy(辛辣的). lt's true that chili peppers are popular; aij caballero in particular is a very hot chili pepper that Puerto Ricans enjoy. However, milder(微辣的) tastes are popular too, such as sofrito. As the base of many Puerto Rican dishes, sofrito is a sauce made from chopped onions, green bell peppers, sweet chili peppers, and a handful of other spices. It is fried in oil and then added to other dishes.
36、who lived in Puerto Rico first
A.the Africans
B.the Spanish
C.the Americans
D.the Taino people
【参考答案】：D
37、In the first paragraph the word “it” refers to
A.immigration
B.Caribbean history
C.the island’s natural beauty
D.Puerto Rican cuisine
【参考答案】：D
38、what is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A.Taino dishes are important in Puerto Rican cooking
B.Food imported by foreigners isn’t really Puerto Rican
C.Puerto Rican cooking has many outside influences
D.African foods have probably had the most influence
【参考答案】：C
39、How is sofrito used?
A.It is eaten before meals
B.It is added to other dishes
C.It is used where foods are too spicy
D.It is eaten as a main dish
【参考答案】：B
40、 which of the following is NOT true?
A.softito is a type of extremely spicy food
B.Many people think Puerto Rican food is spicy
C.Puerto Rican cuisine uses a lot of chili peppers
D.Aij caballero is a type of chile pepper
【参考答案】：A
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•2013年全国职称英语等级考试网络辅导招生简章
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•环球网校2012年职称英语考试押中45分原题
•环球首发2012年职称英语考试真题与答案汇总
2012年职称英语考试已经结束，环球网校整理发布2012年职称英语考试卫生类C级(试卷代码33)试题及答案，敬请关注!
环球网校2012年职称英语考试押中45分原题，么建华教授独家解析2012年职称英语考试
Eat Healthy
"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate club1!’’ Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it’s accompanied by an appeal： “Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!2" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.
According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.4 Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.
Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University; told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began (o grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can’t afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.
It’s not that working class Americans don’t want to eat healthy. It’s just that, "after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.5 They live frompaycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year’s Christmas presents.
词汇：
orphan n.孤儿
belly n.肚子
nutrition n.营养
waistline n.腰围
paycheck n.薪金支票
练习：
1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children
A to save food.
B to wash the dishes.
C not to waste food.
D not to eat too much.
2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?
A Because Americans associate quantity with value.
B Because Americans have big bellies.
C Because Americans are good eaters.
D Because Americans are greedy.
3.What happened in the 1970s?
A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.
B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.
C The United States produced more grain than needed.
D The American waistline started to expand.
4.What does the survey indicate?
A Many poor Americans want large portions.
B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.
C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year.
D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.
5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?
A They work long hours.
B They live from paycheck to paycheck.
C They don’t want to be healthy eaters.
D They want to save money for their children.
注释：
1. Be a member of the clean -plate club!做清盘俱乐部的成员
2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!
3. take too many bites 吃得太多
4. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事,服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜,其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5. It’s just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来,盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
答案与题解：
1. C本题问的是：美国父母总是叫他们的孩子干什么?文章开头说到,每个美国孩子都能从父母或爷爷奶奶那里听到这样的话,“吃光你盘子里的东西”，“做?盘俱乐部的成员”。这些话表达的意思就是不要浪费粮食。因此C是正确的答案。
2. A本题问的是：美国饭馆为什么饭菜给得多?第二段相关的话是这么说的：美国人在传统 上把东西值不值是跟数量联系在一起,因此大多数的饭馆给的量大。这些饭馆乐于让顾客 们抱怨饭菜给得太多而不乐于让他们抱怨饭菜给得太少。所以A是正确的答案。
3. D本题问的是:20世纪70年代发生了什么?文章第三段是这样说的：一位宾州大学营养 教授,Barbara Rolls，告诉《今日美国》20世纪70年代饭馆给的饭菜的量开始增加，与此同 时,美国人的腰围也开始增大。所以D是对的。
4. A本题问的是：调查报告说明了什么?选项B，C和D所说的数字不对。因此唯有A是正确的。A说的是：许多美国穷人希望量大。这个信息可以在第四段中找到。相关的句子是 这么说的：许多吃不起精美正餐的美国人仍然要量大。
5. C本题问的是:下面的哪一种说法不符合美国工人的实际情况? C说的是：他们不想做吃 得健康的人。这个说法是不对的。最后一段的第一句话是这么说的:美国工人不是不想做 吃得健康的人。因此C正确。
译文：
健康饮食
“把盘子里的东西吃完了!”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员!”几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话：“想想
那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧，多可怜啊!”我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。但不幸的是，很多美国人吃得太多了。也许我们应该为明天节约一些粮食，而不足坚持“把盘子里的东西吃完”。
据新闻报导，美国的餐馆应该为美国人日益增大的肚腩负――部分责任。《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客提供的一盘食物的量是政府推荐的二至四倍。美国人传
统的认为有量才有质，所以大多数餐馆都试图迎合顾客们的这一想法。他们宁愿被抱怨提供了过多的食物也不愿意被投诉提供的食物太少。
芭芭拉•罗尔斯是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位营养学教授。在接受《今日美国》采访时她说道：“从20世纪70年代起，美国的餐馆就开始提供越来越大份的食物;也就是从这个时候起，美国人的腰围也变得越来越粗了。”
健康老师已经试着让很多餐馆提供份量小一些的食物。显然，现在很多顾客也为此而呼吁。据《QSR杂志》(美国的一份餐饮业经营杂志)报道：在上个月对4000多人所做的一次调查中，有57%的人认为餐馆提供的食物份量太大了，23%的人没有发表看法，还有 20%的人不同意此看法。但是再仔细看看调查结果，你就会发现很多买不起精美菜肴的美 国人还是喜欢买大份量食物。在年收入15万美元以上的人群中，70%的人更愿意买份量小一点的食物：但在年收入少于2.5万美元的人群中，只有45%的人愿意买份量小一点的食物。
事情是这样的，不是美国的工人不想吃的健康一点，而是美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工种下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。他们是指望薪金支票过日子的，希望能为来年的圣诞节节约一些钱来买圣诞礼物。
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