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第十四课 社会科学
1、相关文化背景知识介绍
⑴ 关于法国国旗
1946年，法国宪法正式规定蓝、白、红三颜色的竖条棋为法兰西共和国国旗。国旗形成于1789年7月法国大革命时期，巴黎国民自卫队率先采用了蓝、白、红三色棋。白色代表皇室，蓝、红代表巴黎百姓。3种色彩则象征着3为法国英雄，蓝色是圣•马丁长袍的颜色，白色是为纪念著名的民族英雄圣女贞德，红色则是英雄圣丹尼斯使用的军旗。法国国旗对世界上其他国家国旗的形成有着重要的影响，也是最为重要的世界国旗之一。
⑵ 关于雅典
雅典是希腊的首都，也是希腊最大的城市和工业中心。那里风光秀丽，清新宜人，素以欧洲文明的摇篮而著称。雅典至今已经有5000多年的历史，在公元前8世纪，爱奥尼亚人建成的雅典是古希腊城邦的盟主。古代雅典是西方文化的源泉，雅典人对艺术、哲学、法律、科学做出了杰出的贡献。公元前5世纪雅典出现了许多世界闻名的大师，如悲剧家欧里庇得斯、喜剧家阿里斯托芬、哲学家苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里斯多德等，这些伟人为世界的文明做出了贡献。
2、核心词汇讲解
⑴ associate v. 使发生关系
考点：associate oneself with 加入；与。。。发生联系
associate with 和。。。来往；和。。。共事
例句：Red is usually associated with danger.
⑵ maintain v. 维持；继续
考点：maintain good relations 维持良好的关系
maintain one’s composure 保持冷静
例句：He failed again and again simply because he had maintained his defeatist attitude.
⑶ promote v. 提高；促进
考点：to promote the love of learning 鼓励学习的热情
promote to 提升，擢升
例句：The boss promoted Mr. Xu to the post of chief account.
⑷ commit v. 使承担义务
考点：commit oneself to 委身于；专心致志于
例句：He has commit himself to support his brother’s son.
⑸ compete v. 竞争
考点：compete with/against sb. for sth. 与某人竞争而获得某物
compete with/in 比赛
compete against 对抗
例句：She and her sister are always competing attention.
⑹ reveal v. 揭示
考点：reveal itself 出现，呈现；被。。。知道
reveal oneself 讲出姓名；表明身份
reveal a secret 泄露秘密
例句：The truth will be revealed someday.
⑺ estimate v. 估计；评价
考点： estimate the possible results 估计可能的结果
例句：I estimated his loss at five million dollars.
3、 核心短语讲解
⑴ for the sake of 为了。。。利益，为了。。。缘故
与词组for sb’s/sth’s sake; for the sake of doing sth. 同义。例如：
For the sake of going abroad, he try to learn English well.
⑵ for instance 例如，比如
在句子里，位置可以在前，也可以在后，同义词组为 for example. 例如：
I like sports, for instance, playing basketball.
⑶ concern with 关心；忙于
同义词组还有 concern in/ about sth., concern 的常用词组为 be concerned about sth. 指‘担心的，担忧的’。例如：
We don’t need to concerned with this thing.
⑷ stand for 代表；代替，象征
这是个多意词组，还有‘任候选人；支持；容忍’等含义。注意不能用于被动语态。例如：
His attitude stands for his family.
⑸ allow for 计算；考虑到；允许
通常后面接sb./sth. ,指‘考虑到；允许某人/某事’。例如：
You should allow for the special condition.
4、核心句型讲解
⑴ The Society is committed to developing theoretical and practical knowledge about disability and to promoting the full and equal participation of persons with disabilities in society.
讲解：with 短语修饰persons, 说明这种人的特征。词组 commit sb./ oneself to sth./ to dong sth., 指‘承诺，保证自己做某事’。例如：
I commit myself to take the full responsibility.
⑵ It also helps settle the long running debate of whether immigrants brought agriculture directly to Europe or if the idea simply spread west by word of mouth.
讲解：immigrants 指‘移民，侨民（自外国移入的）’，另一相似单词 emigrant 指‘移民（移居国外者）’。 Running 指‘不断的，连续的’。 By word of mouth 指‘口头地’。例如：
He only obeys this rule by word of mouth, actually he doesn’t.
⑶ Archaeologists have shown that agriculture moved northwest through Europe at about one kilometer per year, based on the dating of clay pots and other tools.
讲解：that 引导的句子充当 shown 的宾语。 Per year 指‘每年’。如 per day, per month. 词组 base sth. on sth. 指‘某事以另一事物为依据’。例如：
His decision is based on the fact.
5、重点语法知识讲解
关系代词
关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which, as 等，可用做引导从句的关联词。对于关系代词的用法，我们应从以下几个方面来掌握：
⑴ 关系代词可用来引导定语从句，它代表先行词，同时在从句中做一定的句子成分。例如：
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.
⑵ 关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。另外，关系代词that 在从句中做表语时也可省略。例如：I’ve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
⑶ 关系代词有主格、宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物。在非限定性定语从句中，不能用 that 做关系代词。例如：
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.
⑷ 关系代词which 的先行词可以是一个句子。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. (环球网校资料,如需转载请注明出处)