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When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy (树冠) of taller indigenous ( 土生土长的) trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local wildlife habitat.
Native birds nest and hide from predators (捕食者) in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly". Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word "traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show__________.
A. the positive effects of coffee.
B. a change of coffee growth.
C. something that is the most important.
D. how coffee production used to be.
33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. More insects.
B. Better quality coffee.
C. Larger farms.
D. Higher profits.
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers.
B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country.
D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT__________.
A. insects.
B. air.
C. birds.
D. humans.
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【摘要】目前备考2017年职称英语考试的考生在循序渐进的模拟中。环球网校为考生整理了“职称英语综合B类阅读理解历年真题精练”，希望备考2017年职称英语考试的考生都能顺利通关，更多资料敬请关注网校职称英语考试频道……
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.
In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from
watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoer provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
Debate continues about chimps understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure-- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
36. The Gardners' experiment with Washoe__________.
A. began in 1969.
B. won a big prize.
C. lasted three years.
D. influenced primate research.
37. The second paragraph mainly discusses__________.
A.a report about Washoe's progress in learning sign language.
B. the whole direction of primate research.
C. new primate researches conducted by many language scientists.
D. an experiment with Washoe at a research center in Africa.
38. The Gardners' experiment with Washoe was criticized because it can__________.
A. just ask some simple questions.
B. only copy teachers' sign language.
C. only memorize about 250 words.
D. just repeat short sentences.
39. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. Roger Fours taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees.
B. Washoe was the first chimp to use American Sign Language.
C. A chimpanzee died of natural causes in Africa at a research center.
D. Nowadays there are still lots of scientists experimenting with chimpanzees.
40. We can draw a conclusion from the last paragraph that__________.
A. whether chimps can learn a human language remains unanswered.
B. primates have the ability to speak a language.
C. animals can's learn a human sign.
D. Washoe is as intelligent as humans.
环球网校友情提示：2017年职称英语考试即将开始报名，本文整理"职称英语综合B类阅读理解历年真题精练"供考生参考练习。如果您在此过程中遇到任何疑问，请登录环球网校职称英语频道及职称英语论坛，我们随时与广大考生朋友们一起交流!
【摘要】目前备考2017年职称英语考试的考生在循序渐进的模拟中。环球网校为考生整理了“职称英语综合B类阅读理解历年真题精练”，希望备考2017年职称英语考试的考生都能顺利通关，更多资料敬请关注网校职称英语考试频道……
Moderate Earthquake Strikes England
A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.
"It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride," said the woman.
The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel, about 8.5 miles south of Dover and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel.
Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.
"I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me." Said Hendrick van Eck,27, of Canterbury about 60 miles southeast of London." I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down."
There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham.
The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 193 l, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France. Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction, Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.
41. The biggest earthquake took place in Britain__________.
A. in 1931.
B. in 1580.
C. in2002.
D. in2007.
42. Theword "collapsed" in Paragraph 4 most probably means__________.
A. fell apart.
B. flew off.
C. shook up.
D. blew out.
43. The phrase "this scale" in Paragraph 6 refers to__________.
A.4.8-magnitude quake.
B.4.3-magnitude quake.
C.5.8 on the Richter scale.
D.6.1 on the Richter scale.
44. The following statements are true EXCEPT__________.
A. the quake caused a power failure in Kent County.
B. the tremor lasted for 10-15 seconds.
C. people in Canterbury felt strong quake.
D. the quake was centered under the Channel Tunnel.
45. It can be learnt from the last paragraph that__________.
A. moderate earthquakes often strike London in the history.
B. earthquake warning system of Britain can predict them.
C. another earthquake is predicted to occur in England.
D. the French also felt the earthquake taking place on 28, April.
环球网校友情提示：2017年职称英语考试即将开始报名，本文整理"职称英语综合B类阅读理解历年真题精练"供考生参考练习。如果您在此过程中遇到任何疑问，请登录环球网校职称英语频道及职称英语论坛，我们随时与广大考生朋友们一起交流!
【摘要】目前备考2017年职称英语考试的考生在循序渐进的模拟中。环球网校为考生整理了“职称英语综合B类阅读理解历年真题精练”，希望备考2017年职称英语考试的考生都能顺利通关，更多资料敬请关注网校职称英语考试频道……
答案与解析
31.A。题干：这篇文章的大意为__________。主旨题。从各段的首尾句来看，第二段至第四段谈论的是向阳种植咖啡的弊端，第五段谈的是人们开始在向阴的地方种植咖啡，由此可以看出人们种植咖啡的方式发生了改变，所以该题答案为A(农民们正在改变他们种植咖啡的方式。)
32.B。题干：第二段中“traditionally”一词的功能是为了说明__________。细节题。利用题目关键词定位到第二段的首句，从中可知“传统上，咖啡树被种植在高大的树的树冠之下”，后一句“但是，拉美地区越来越多的农民砍伐森林来种植完全向阳的咖啡树”，由此可知前后句就咖啡树的种植方式形成对比，因此traditionally是为了说明过去与现在种植方式的不同，因而答案为B。选项D具有较大的迷惑性，但是第一句和第二句谈论的是咖啡的种植，而非咖啡的生产。因而，本题答案为B(咖啡种植的改变)。
33.D。题干：向阳种植的咖啡产量增加导致了什么?细节题。利用题干关键词increasedproduction可以定位到第二段最后一句，可知产量的增加带来了利润的增加，故D(高的利润)为正确答案。
34.B。题干：农民如何找到更多的地来向阳种植咖啡?细节题。利用题干关键词find moreland可以定位到第二段的第二句，可知越来越多的拉美人正在砍伐森林来种植咖啡树，故B(他们将树砍到)为正确答案。
35.B。题干：向阳种植咖啡的方法可能对下列之外都有影响。细节题。分别定位四个选项可以定位到第三和四段，如第三段提到因为要种植咖啡树，本地的鸟类赖以筑巢和躲避捕食者的树木被砍掉了，第四段提到化肥和杀虫剂杀死了以咖啡树为食的昆虫，而鸟类吃了这些中毒的昆虫而死亡，化学物质杀死或使动物生病，然后将毒性带入到人们饮水的水域中。所以可见昆虫、鸟类和人类都受到了影响，故本题答案为B(空气)。
36.D。题干：Gardners对Washoe的实验__________。细节题。利用题干关键词Gardners’experiment with Washoe进行定位，无法定位到第二段的前两句，从中可知实验开始于1966年，在1969年Gardners在其科学报告中描述了Washoe学习手语的紧张情况，由此可知选项A与C与文章信息不一致;分别定位选项8和D的关键词，发现文章没有提及获奖的事情，但是利用选项D的关键词可以定位到第二段的结尾两句，从中可知随着Washoe学习手语的消息的传播，许多语言科学家开始了这个新领域的研究，由此改变了灵长目类动物研究的方向，所以选项D(影响了有关灵长目动物的研究)为正确答案。
37.A。题干：第二段主要讨论了__________。主旨题。仔细阅读该段的首尾句，针对Washoe的实验开始于l966年，这个实验改变了灵长目动物研究的方向，谈论都是细节，不是主题，而中间的其它句子谈论的都是Gardners的有关Washoe学习手语的报告的内容，故A(有关Washoe学习手语的进步的报告)是正确答案。
38.B。题干：Gardners对Washoe的实验受到批评是因为__________。细节题。利用题干关键词criticize可以定位到第三段的首句，即批评家认为Washoe只会观察和重复老师的手语动作，由此可以推知B(仅仅复制老师的手语。)是正确答案。
39.B。题干：根据短文，下列哪项是正确的?判断题。利用选项A的关键词Roger Fours和three可以定位到第三段的最后一句，可知是Washoe教三只年幼的猩猩学习手语，而不是Roger Fouts，所以选项A与原文信息不一致;利用选项B的关键词Washoe和first可以定位到第一段的倒数第二旬，可知Washoe被认为是第一个学习手语的非人类动物，由此可知选项B与原文信息一致;利用选项C的关键词可以定位到第一段的第二句，可知一只在美国华盛顿州研究中心的猩猩因为自然原因在上个月末死亡，所以选项c与原文信息不一致;利用选项D的关键词进行定位，没有发现相关信息。因而该题答案为B(Washoe是第一只使用美国手语的猩猩)。
40.A。题干：从最后一段我们可以得出结论__________。推断题。从最后一段来看，有关猩猩是否理解人类交流的争论仍将继续，但是有一点可以确定的是，Washoe改变了有关动物智力的可能性的一般看法，故该题答案为A(是否猩猩能学会人类语言仍旧没有答案)。
答案与解析
41.A。题干：英国最大的地震发生在__________。细节题。该题定位选项更容易，分别定位选项中的四个时间，可以定位到第七段的第一句，可知这个国家最严重的地震是l931年发生于北海的那次，震级6.1，所以A(1931年)为正确答案。
42.A。题干：第四段中的“collapsed”的意思是__________。猜词题。collapse意为“倒塌，崩溃”;同时，利用题干关键词定位到第四段的首句，四个选项分别代入后，墙壁开裂，烟囱倒塌，比较符合语境，所以该题正确答案为A(散开，崩裂)。
43.B。题干：第六段中的“this scale”指的是。指代题。从第六段的首句来看，每年全世界都有上千次这个震级的中型地震，因而this scale指的是第五段提到的地震，第五段是Hendrick回顾4月28号地震的情况，由此可以推知谈论的是4月28日的地震这样的震级，从第三段可知该次地震为4.3级，故该题答案为B(4.3级的地震)。
44.D。题干：下列说法都是对的，除了一。判断题。利用选项A的关键词Kent可以定位到第一段的倒数第二句，可知数千人离开没有电力的Kent县，题干信息与原文信息一致;利用选项B的关键词10一15 seconds可以定位到第四段第二句，可知地震持续了约10——15秒钟，题干信息与原文信息一致;利用选项C的关键词Canterbury可以定位到第五段，来自Canterbury的Hendfick描述了地震发生时所感受的情况，题干信息与原文信息一致;利用选项D的关键词Channel Tunnel可以定位到第三段，可知震中是在English Channel，题干信息与原文信息不一致;因此该题的答案为D(震中位于Channel Tunnel之下)。
45.B。题干：根据最后一段可以推断出__________。推断题。最后一段however之前描述了4月28曰地震的情况，而且预测该地区发生另外一场地震只是时间问题，however之后说人们不用过分担心，因为英国的预警系统可以探测到将要发生的地震，并可以在地震发生前几小时予以宣布，由此可以推断英国的预警系统可以预测地震，故该题答案为B(英国的地震预警系统可以预测地震)。
环球网校友情提示：2017年职称英语考试即将开始报名，本文整理"职称英语综合B类阅读理解历年真题精练"供考生参考练习。如果您在此过程中遇到任何疑问，请登录环球网校职称英语频道及职称英语论坛，我们随时与广大考生朋友们一起交流!