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DNA Fingerprinting(环球网校分享的2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题)
DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.1 With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)2，the complete DNA of each individual is unique.
DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing.3 It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film，where they form a pattern of black bars — the DNA fingerprint.4 If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match，the two samples probably came from the same person.
DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases5，it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence6 in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas： the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.
The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted" ; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique ; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition，DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.
DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.
Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.
词汇：
fingerprinting /'firjge.pnntir)/ n.指纹法，指纹术
genetic /d3i丨netik/ adj.遗传的 nucleus /'njuikliss/ (复数 nuclei 或 nucleu?ses) n.核，中心 mammal /'maemol/ n. 哺乳动物 chromosome /'kr^umosoum/ n.染色体 identification /aiidentifi'keijsn/ n.识另lj,鉴 定，证明 fingerprint /'figgoprint/ n.指纹
saliva /so'laivQ/ n.唾液
segment /'segment/ vt.分割，分裂;n.切
片，部分 enzyme /'enzaim/ n,酶 suspect /ss'spekt/ n.嫌疑各E controversial /ikDntro'vaiJsl/ adj.有争议的 uniform /'juinifoim/ adj. 一致的，相同的
注释：
In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.哺?L动物的 DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种结构。
With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)：生物姊妹体除外(如完全相同
的双胞胎)
DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. DNA 指纹检查法有时也称 DNA 印记
法。
The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars - the DNA fingerprint.切片先用探针做标记，然后在X光片上曝光。胶片上形成 由黑色条纹组成的图案，这就是DNA指纹。
Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases ： (DNA 指纹法)开始是用来探测遗传
病的存在(环球网校分享的2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题)
The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence：基于 DNA 提供证据的首例定罪 练习：
1. According to the essay, we can find chromosomes
A in a fish. B in a tree. C in a sheep. D in a rock.
2. DNA fingerprinting is more often used for
A obtaining samples of chromosomes.B providing evidence in court investigations.
C proving the horse to be a mammal.D printing books about biology.
3. When your brother looks exactly like you, your complete DNA may be
A exactly like his. B totally different from his.
C unique. D lost.
环球网校友情提示：本文整理"2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题一"。如果您在此过程中遇到任何疑问，请登录环球网校职称英语频道及职称英语论坛，我们随时与广大考生朋友们一起交流!
【摘要】目前备考2017年职称英语考试的考生在循序渐进的进行中。环球网校为考生整理了“2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题一”，希望备考2017年职称英语考试的考生都能顺利通关，更多资料敬请关注网校职称英语考试频道……
4. Some people believe that using a DNA fingerprint may not be so reliable because
A the accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged.
B no private laboratory follows uniform testing standards or quality controls.
C mistakes are possible when researchers explain the results of their tests.
D suspects may not have enough money to provide their own DNA to law-courts.
5. This essay talks about DNA fingerprinting concerning the following aspects EXCEPT
A legal application of the method.
B the way to obtain a DNA sample.
C work yet to be done about DNA fingerprinting.
D possible danger in drawing a DNA sample from the human body.
答案与题解：(环球网校分享的2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题)
1. c根据i第一段第一、二句话。绵羊是哺乳动物，当然有染色体。
2. B文章对DNA指纹法在法律事务中用于提供证据谈得很多。
3. A根据是第一段最后一句。参见注释2。
4. C根据是倒数第三段最后一句。A项基本是题干的同义重复，B项说得太绝对，D项有逻 辑错误o
5. D文‘没有说DNA取样有什么危险。
环球网校友情提示：本文整理"2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题一"。如果您在此过程中遇到任何疑问，请登录环球网校职称英语频道及职称英语论坛，我们随时与广大考生朋友们一起交流!
【摘要】目前备考2017年职称英语考试的考生在循序渐进的进行中。环球网校为考生整理了“2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题一”，希望备考2017年职称英语考试的考生都能顺利通关，更多资料敬请关注网校职称英语考试频道……
译文：
DNA指纹
DNA是所有生物细胞核内发现的基因物质。哺乳动物的DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种 结构。除生物姊妹体外(如完全相同的双胞胎)，每一个体的全部DNA是独一无二的。
DNA指纹检查法有时也称作DNA印记法。这是一种通过比较少量DNA的鉴定方法。DNA 指纹的构成先要从身体组织或液体中抽取DNA标本，如头发、血液或唾液中。采取的标本用酶分割成若干切片，各切片根据大小排列。切片先用探针做标记,然后曝光于X光片上。胶片上形成由黑色条纹组成的图案,这就是DNA指纹。若两个不同标本的DNA指纹完全相像，则这两个标本可能来自同一人。
DNA指纹首次作为鉴定技术进行开发是在1985年。开始是用来探测遗传疾病的，很快便被应用于刑事调查与法律事务。美国基于DNA所提供证据的首例定罪是1988年。在刑事调查中，把从犯罪现场采集的证据中提取的DNA标本与犯罪嫌疑人的相比较。一般说来，法庭已承认DNA测试的可靠性并允许将DNA测试结果纳为证据。然而，DNA指纹在一些方面颇有争议：结果的精确性、测试成本及技术的错误使用的可能性。
由于一些原因，DNA指纹的精确性受到了挑战。首先，由于是DNA切片而并非完整的DNA被作为指纹进行研究;DNA指纹可能并非独一无二的;尚未进行过大规模研究以证实DNA指纹测试结果是独一无二的。此外，DNA指纹常是在私人实验室作的，可能并不遵循统一的测试标准与质量控制。再有，既然必须由人来解释测试，人为的错误可能导致错误结果。(环球网校分享的2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题)
DNA指纹检查颇为昂贵。如果犯罪嫌疑人不能将自己的DNA检测结果提供给老师,他/她就 不可能对法庭基于DNA证据基础上的指控为自己成功地辩护。
为鉴定目的而作的DNA测试的广泛使用可能会促成DNA指纹数据库的建立。
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环球网校友情提示：本文整理"2017年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》练习题一"。如果您在此过程中遇到任何疑问，请登录环球网校职称英语频道及职称英语论坛，我们随时与广大考生朋友们一起交流!