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Section 2: Reading Comprehension (50 points)
In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to complete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 70 minutes.
Questions 51 -60 are based on the following passage.
Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization.
This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail,formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions;mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.
51. Social control refers to processes by which .
A. norms are developed
B. norms are enforced
C. people are educated and trained
D. people are rewarded and punished
52. Every society has its own .
A. planned systems B. controlled norms
C. recognized boundary D. established sanctions
53. Informal mechanisms of social control include the following except .
A. a high level of interest in ensuring conformity
B. expression of disapproval by significant others
C. withholding of positive rewards for the deviants
D. people’s internalization of norms in socialization
54. The most powerful protection against deviance is .
A. negative sanctions B. severe punishments
C. the individual’s conscience D. unrestrained suppression
55. Formal agents of social control include the following except .
A. police stations B. mental hospitals
C. welfare agencies D. vocational schools
56. The purpose of formal agents is .
A. to make beneficial rules B. to preserve social orders
C. to control violation of norms D. to define acceptable behavior
57. Which statement about social control agents is not true?
A. They tend to serve the interest of those who enforce the norms.
B. They tend to serve the interest of those who receive a benefit.
C. They tend to serve the interest of those who make the rules.
D. They tend to serve the interest of those who are powerful.
58. According to conflict theorists, social control agents and systems are .
A. liberal B. partial
C. neutral D. overall
59. In the third paragraph, “a dual function” refers to .
A. formal and inform B. rewards and penalties
C. approval and disapproval D. clarification and regulation
60. The perspective from which the author discusses social control is .
A. biological B. sociological
C. psychological D. anthropological
Questions 61 -70 are based on the following passage.
Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.
People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.
61. Every group of human beings .
A. has its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of life
B. has an extremely complex and delicate language
C. has its own elegant music, literature, and other arts
D. has the process of growing crops or raising animals
62. To the professional linguists, .
A. there is no intrinsic superiority of cultures
B. there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languages
C. all languages came from grunts and groans
D. all languages are most severe and standard
63. Most languages of uncivilized groups are .
A. adequate B. numerous
C. ingenious D. ingenuous
64. “Backward” languages fall behind Western languages in .
A. structures B. vocabularies
C. written forms D. sound patterns
65. All languages, whether civilized or not, have .
A. their own ways to transfer ideas
B. their own forms to satisfy needs
C. their own abilities to answer description
D. their own systems to expand vocabulary
66. Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?
A. Anthropologists have nothing to do with linguists.
B. Linguists have nothing to do with anthropologists.
C. The study of languages casts light upon the study of cultures.
D. The study of cultures casts no light upon the study of languages.
67. It is implied that all cultures have to be viewed .
A. profoundly B. intrinsically
C. independently D. professionally
68. According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one .
A. to do more activities B. to learn about a new culture
C. to meet more people D. to need more names
69. The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward “backward” languages is .
A. restrained B. subjective
C. objective D. resolute
70. This passage is on the whole .
A. narrative B. instructive
C. prescriptive D. argumentative
KEYS：
51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. D 56. C 57. B
58. B 59. D 60. B 61. A 62. B 63. C 64. B
65. D 66. C 67. C 68. B 69. C 70. B
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