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汉译英
科技对农业的贡献
在农业科技领域，中国不断缩小与发达国家的差距，科技进步对中国农业的贡献率已由1949年的20%上升到现在的42%。1农业科技部门在生物技术、高新技术、基础研究方面均取得较大进展，植物细胞和组织培养、单倍体育种及其应用研究处于世界先进地位。2两系法品种间杂交水稻、杂交玉米育种以及多熟种植技术等方面，已达到或接近世界先进水平。
大豆杂种优势利用研究也获得重大突破。31949年以来，中国农业科学家共培育出40多种农作物，近5000个高产、优质、抗性强的新品种，使主要农作物品种更新四至五次，每更新一次，一般增产10%至30%。4目前，中国粮食作物单产已由1950年的1.16吨/公顷增加到4.40吨/公顷，提高了1.8倍。5被国际上誉为“杂交水稻之父”的中国科学家袁隆平，在杂交水稻方面的研究成果改写了二十世纪后半叶中国水稻耕作的历史，也为解决全人类的“口粮”问题作出了卓越贡献。6现在，中国杂交水稻的优良品种已占全国水稻种植面积的51010，平均增产20%。，7国家有关部门先后组织实施了星火计划、重大成果推广计划、丰收计划、燎原计划等直接面向农村经济建设的科技计划，把先进的科技成果送到农村去，对促进农民科技素质的提高作用卓著。8与此同时，农业部门从世界各地引进农作物品种、苗木10多万份，并选育了水稻、玉米、小麦等作物的新品种。9许多新的先进技术也得以在生产中广泛应用。10
词汇
1.生物技术bio-technology
2.植物细胞和组织培养cultivation of plant cells and tissues
3.单倍体育种haploid breeding
4.两系法品种间杂交水稻bilinear hybrid rice
5.杂交玉米育种hybrid corn breeding
6.多熟种植multi-crop planting
7.大豆杂种优势利用the utilization of the advantages of hybrid beans
8.农作物crop
9.高产、优质、抗性强的新品种high-yield, good-quality varieties with strong resistance
10.“杂交水稻之父 "Father of Hybrid Rice"
11.苗木nursery stocks
注释
1.缩小差距：通常译为narrow the gap ( with)。贡献率：contribution rate，注意汉语原文中的“现在”不必译出，因为动词的时态已经清楚地表明了这一点。另外，原文是一句，参考译文分译成两句，这样较为平实自然。如译成一句，可译为：In its constant efforts to narrow its gap with the advanced countries in the sphere of agricultural science and technology, China has increased the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress from 20percent in 1949 to 42 percent.
2.世界先进水平：通常译为world advanced level。请注意这个词组与动词的搭配。“处于”和“达到”(世界先进水平)这里都用了reach，但是“处于”只能用完成时，“达到”则也可以用一般时。如：
a) China's information technology will reach world advanced level in a few years.
几年后中国的信息技术将达到世界先进水平。
3.科学技术的“突破”通常译为breakthrough，如a breakthrough in medicine/a medical a major breakthrough(医学上的突破)。“大豆杂种优势利用研究”有人译为the research of making use of the advantages of hybrid beans，但making use of极为勉强，因为research后面通常跟介词on加相关的名词(或名词化了的动词)。这里如果逐字译出，也只能译为the research on the utilization(或use)of the advantages of hybrid beans。后面的参考译文中省去了research -词，更为简洁。
4.农作物品种的“更新”通常用renovate，不能用renew，5.“增加到”通常译为increase(from.,.)to…本句也可译为：The per-hectare yield of grain crops has increased by 180%，from l.16 tons in 1950 to 4.82 tons.倍数的译法请参见Skills of Translation部分。
6.本句在词序方面略作调整，把“在杂交水稻方面的研究成果”的译文提前，一方面先介绍袁隆平为什么会被誉为“杂交水稻之父”，对普通英语读者更容易接受，另一方面为后面的译文减轻了“负担”，读来更为顺畅。另外，“解决人类的口粮问题”有人译为…
(to) solving the issue of mankind's grain ration，犯了三个错误。一、需要解决和克服的“问题”，应译为problem;issue指人们在讨论的或有争议的“问题”，二者不可混为一谈;二、“口粮”即粮食，而grain ration大概指我国粮食匮乏年代的定量配给;三、英语中contribution to后面必须跟名词形式，动名词形式隐含着某个逻辑主语，所以在这里不能使用。
7.这里译文中增加了短语Thanks to his contributions.表达了原文的隐含意义。不然本句与上文的联系就断了。
8.这里“组织实施”只要译出“实施”的意思即可，如逐字译成organised the implementation，反而有画蛇添足之嫌。“促进农民科技素质的提高”应理解为“促进对农民的科技教育”，其中“农民的科技素质”如译成farmers' sci-tech quality，不太符合英语的思维和表达习惯。
9.“从世界各地引进”用import 一词足矣，没有必要再添from various countries and regions of the world，徒增累赘。在英语里，凡是上下文中已经表达清楚的意义，通常不必说得太白。
10.“得以广泛应用”有人译为have been extensively applied。这里改为have found extensive application，更为自然贴切。在较为正式的文体中，常常需要把汉语中的动词用英语的名词形式译出。
参考译文
The Contribution of Science and Technology to Agriculture
In the sphere of agricultural science and technology, China has been narrowing its gap with the advanced countries. The contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to China's agriculture has increased from 20 percent in 1949 to 4.2 percent. The sci-tech agricultural departments have made tremendous progress in bio-technology, new and high technology and basic research, and the cultivation of plant cells and tissues, haploid breeding and the research on its application have already reached world advanced level. Bilinear hybrid rice, hybrid corn breeding, and multi-crop planting technologies have reached or got close to world advanced level.
In addition, an important breakthrough has been made in the utilization of the advantages of hybrid beans.
Since 1949, Chinese agricultural scientists have bred over 40 new crops, including nearly 5,000 high-yield, good-quality varieties with strong resistance. Thus the major crops have been renovated four to five times, with an increase of yield by 10 to 30 percent each time. The per-hectare yield of grain crops has increased from l. 16 tons in 1950 to 4.82 tons, an increase of over 1.8 times.
The Chinese scientist Yuan Longping, who is internationally renowned as "Father of Hybrid Rice" for his tremendous achievements in the breeding of hybrid rice, has rewritten China's history of rice cultivation in the second half of the 20th century and has made extraordinary contributions to the solution of mankind's "food" problem. Thanks to his contributions, 51 percent of China's paddy-fields is used to grow fine varieties of hybrid rice, with an average increase of 20 percent in yield.
To spread advanced sci-tech achievements to the countryside, relevant government departments have carried out a number of sci-tech programs directly geared to the economic development of rural areas, such as the Spark Program, the Promotion Plan of important Scientific Achievements, the Bumper Harvest Plan, and the Prairie Fire Program, which have played an important role in promoting farmers' sci-tech education.
Meanwhile, agricultural departments have imported more than 100,000 crops and nursery stocks, and have cultivated a number of new varieties of rice, corn and wheat. Many advanced technologies have found extensive application in agricultural production.
练习
1.中国人多地少，仅有全球7%的耕地，却有全球五分之一的人口要吃饭。
2.现在，中国粮食、棉艳、油菜籽、烟叶、肉类、蛋类、水产品、蔬菜产量均居世界首位。
3.这种新品种耐寒、耐旱，适合在中国北方生长。
4.2004年，粮食人均占有量为362公斤，猪牛羊肉、牛奶和水产品人均占有量分别为44.6公斤、17.4公斤和37.8公斤，已超过世界平均水平。
5.水栽法就是在水中栽培植物，植物需要的仅仅是土壤里所含的营养和水份，而这些东西不通过土壤从含水的砾石里也可以获得。
6.农业生产力的迅速发展，意味着以相对低廉的价格增加食物的供应量。
7.土壤退化已成为全球农业面临的主要挑战之一，通常由土壤被侵蚀、化学耗竭、含水饱和度和溶质积累引起。
8.有报道警告，受粮食、饲料和生物燃料需求扩张、能源价格上涨、土地水资源日益紧缺、以及气候变化的影响，全球粮食供应正面临着压力。
9.随着农业越来越依赖于市场，当市场条件对农民有利时，新土地的开垦和新技术的应用加速了生产。
10.现代速冻法、罐装、存储、包装与销售方法可避免农产品变质，使消费者不仅在时令季节，而且一年四季都能享用时鲜食品。
答案
1.China is a country with a large population and less arable land. With only seven percent of the world's cultivated land, China has to feed one-fifth of the world's population.
2.Today China leads the world in the outputs of grain, cotton, rapeseed, leaf tobacco, meat, eggs, aquatic products and vegetables.
3.Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China.
4.In 2004, the amount of grain per capita was 362 kg; and that of meat (pork, beef and mutton), milk and aquatic products per capita reached 44.6kg, 17.4kg and 37.8kg respectively, exceeding the world's average level.
5.Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants in water. The nutrients and moisture needed by the plants can be obtained through gravel that contains water, just like through soil.
6.A rapid advance in agricultural productivity means increased food supplies at relatively lower prices.
7.Soil degradation emerges as one of the major challenges for global agriculture. It is induced via erosion, chemical depletion, water saturation, and solute accumulation.
8.It is warned that global food supplies are under pressure from expanding demand for food, feed, and biofuels; the rising price of energy; and increasing land and water scarcity; as well as the effects of climate change.
9.As agriculture became more dependent upon markets, the cultivation of new lands and application of new technology accelerated production when market conditions were favorable to farmers.
10.Modern methods of freezing, canning, storing, packaging and marketing farm products avoid spoilage and make it possible for consumers to enjoy perishable foods not only during the growing season but year-round.